Sailing Ship Effect - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 588 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? MGMT002: Technology World Change - AY 2009-2010, Term 2 Student Paper Review, Howells (2002) The response of old technology incumbents to technological competition – Does the sailing ship effect exist? Prepared for: Dr Terence Fan Prepared by: Nicole Isabella Aw Su Sien (G14) Howells presents the audience with a critical view of the ‘sailing ship effect’ and postulates that it is triggered by misinterpretations based on insufficient knowledge, and that the mere existence of this effect is rare. This ‘sailing ship effect’ is the process whereby the advent of a new technology engenders a response aimed at improving the incumbent technology. I am inclined to Howells’ view and will further demonstrate this below. There is evidence to believe that the sailing ship effect is existent in the world today. Cooper and Schendel (1988) considered 7 different cases and I would like to focus on the case between vacuum tubes and the transistor. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sailing Ship Effect" essay for you Create order A simple timeline of the development of the vacuum tubes has shown that the old technology (vacuum tubes) continued to be improved and reached its highest stage of technical development only after the new technology (transistor) was introduced. Nonetheless, there is still insufficient evidence to definitely conclude that the sailing ship effect did take place. The sailing ship effect is challenged due to the number of externalities involved in the technological development of any product, making it difficult to conclude that accelerated improvements made by incumbent technology is driven solely by the emergence of new ones. Granted, there is a timely connection between the arrival of new technologies and the accelerated improvement of old ones, however, one must question the genuine motivation for this action (government funding, ‘normal’ intra-industry competition, lock-in effect or arrival of new technology). The Flettner rotor ship, for example, was a ‘government-inspired’ project. Research and Development (RD) is essential in the improvement of any technology. The availability of funds is a problem many firms face, however, with high barriers to entry coupled by financial support from the government, it is not difficult to understand how this could provide the impetus for accelerated improvement of a technology as a firm would want to gain monopoly in the industry. In the Alkali industry, the Claus-Chance process was already in the works before the threat of the Leblanc process. This shows that even without the presence of new technologies, accelerated improvements are still being made. I believe that the extent of the sailing ship effect can also be related to the substitutability of the old and new technologies. The more substitutable the new technology is, the greater need to invest in the improvement of the old technology to maintain competitiveness in the market (assuming the firm does not exit the industry or switch from old to new technology). This could be a factor, which allows the coexistence of both old and new technology. The advancement of cameras today illustrates the aforementioned idea. Despite the technological advancement of cameras (from film to digital), digital cameras and film cameras still coexist in the market because of their relatively low substitutability (as film photography is different from that of digital photography). It would be fallacious to argue that the lack of evidence of the sailing ship effect would mean that it is non-existent. Therefore, I do not believe that this effect is non-existent but support Howells’ viewpoint on the rarity of the sailing ship effect because it is too superficial to claim that the advent of new technologies provided the main driving force for the accelerated improvement of old technologies.

The Women s Rights Movement - 1420 Words

The women’s rights movement in the United States in the early –mid 19th century did not fail to accomplish its goals, as slavery was not an issue women wanted to resolve (address?) In the early-mid 19th century, some women began to demand change in American society (as they challenged the traditional roles of women politically, socially, and economically?) -political, social, and economic change {challenged the traditional views of women - pushed the boundaries – public sphere/life of women changed dramatically as a result of their reform efforts} - Political – obtain equal legal rights as men (including the right to vote) - Social {be treated equally, same educational opportunities}) - Economic (right to own property, job opportunities and equal pay for equal work) primary goals: improve women’s roles in society/Equality–women should possess the same rights as men Background information: Anti-slavery movement (primarily a male dominated reform, but many women supported this movement – devoted their time and effort to bring change For those women involved in the abolitionist movement, they started to draw parallels between slavery and the status of women in society. â€Å"both were expected to be passive, cooperative, and obedient. In addition, the legal status of both slaves and women were unequal to that of white men.† Quote: http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Women s+rights+movement - Common struggles and limitations SOCIAL: DeLuzio, Crista.Show MoreRelatedThe Women s Rights Movement702 Words   |  3 Pagesthat the women’s rights movement in the United States failed to accomplish its goals in the early –mid 19th century because the slavery issue was never resolved is unfounded. In the early-mid 19th century, women began to demand change in American society, as they challenged the traditional roles of women politically, socially, and economically. - political, social, and economic change {Challenged the traditional views of women - pushed the boundaries – public sphere/life of women changed dramaticallyRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement874 Words   |  4 Pages1848 to 1920, the women’s rights movement demonstrated the first true act of feminism, founded by a group of women rights activists to combat against women’s suffrage in the United States. By the 1960’s radical feminists also known as the woman’s liberation movement once again took up the fight for equality amongst men and woman, yet by the late 1990’s early 2000’s it had begun to change, losing its primary focus of fighting for a woman’s right, and becoming a burden on women today. The blowback fromRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmen and women, the women’s rights movement in Pakistan has just begun. People are starting to protest against discriminations that women face in their daily lives that disable them from having a voice in society. Some of these discriminations involve men being able to divorce their wives without her consent, women’s voices having half the weight of a man’s in court, and female heirs inheriting less money or property than a male heir (â€Å"Sharia†, 9). Groups like the Pakistani Women’s Rights OrganizationRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesthat occurs is that women were never given the opportunity to voice their opinion on what kind of job that they should do. In addition, voting at this point of time for women was quite impractical. The wartime was a difficult time for women who wanted to capitalize on an opportunity. They wanted a job to prove to men that they are much stronger. However, there was hope when the U.S. woman’s rights movement began. A woman by the name of Elizabeth Cady Stanton started the movement at Seneca Falls, NewRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1366 Words   |  6 PagesW omen’s Rights Movement The equality women have today did not just happen over night.In this passage there will be evidence of an impowering fight that women over came to say WE ARE IMPORTANT TO!! All the brave strong women that fought this battle, along with the obstacles women still face today.Also the surprising fact that women’s rights also consists of racism and sexual orientation.This movement was necessary, and is truly an accomplishment in history. The first outbreak of confidentRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1091 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican history, women have constantly been suppressed. It was believed overall that women were not supposed to work, but to stay home, cook, clean, make clothes, and take care of the child(ren). Basically, a woman was considered her husband’s property. It was not until 1920s that women were finally able to get the rights they deserve, such as birth control, new divorce laws, and ultimately the right to vote, which was the main focus of the Women’s Rights Movement. This movement consisted of manyRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1547 Words   |  7 PagesFlorida SouthWestern State College The Women’s Rights Movement What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention on the Women’s Rights Movement? Jennifer Flores AMH2010 Mr. Stehlin 16 November 2015 The Women’s Rights Movement began in 1848 with the first assembly of women and men gathering to discuss the civil, social, and other conditions of women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the start of the women’s movement. The two women who organized this event were Lucretia Mott andRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1620 Words   |  7 Pageshas improved over the last several years in the broader culture and by police, self-blame and shame has persisted among victims, leaving them just as unwilling to come forward.†(Gray. para. 10) The women’s rights movement is still going strong, and there have been major accomplishments for women within the last several decades. In 1968, the fair housing act made it no longer possible for a woman to be turned down by a landlord based solely on her being female. In 1986, the legal definition of ‘sexualRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Women’s Rights Movement, 1848–1920 1. â€Å"The first gathering devoted to women’s rights in the United States was held July 19–20, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York.† 2. Principal organizers : Elizabeth Cady Stanton (a mother of four, the Quaker, abolitionist ) 3. Social and institutional barriers that limited women’s rights: family responsibilities, a lack of educational and economic opportunities, and the absence of a voice in political debates. 4. Stanton and Anthony created the National WomanRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1813 Words   |  8 PagesOver a hundred years ago, one event created chaos among gender roles and here are some of the initial factors of how rights for women started as a predicament which later began to evolve into a much larger problem that involved many people around the nations. Over the course of history, many issues had change the world to what it has become today. Many problems led to social, economic, and other changes. One small event is able to cause more obstacles, which eventually leads to larger complications

Dostoyevsky And His Works Essay Example For Students

Dostoyevsky And His Works Essay Often in novels, the life of an author is reflected in his or her literature. For a writer experience can serve not only as a teacher, but also as thefoundation of a story line. Some of the most well known authors have used thisRomana Clef technique, for example, Charles Dickens in his famous novel, DavidCopperfield. The Russian author, Fyodor Dostoyevsky does this as well, in hisnovel Crime and Punishment. Various individuals and occurrences fromDostoyevskys life influenced the novel and its characters and themes. Thisshows that an authors life serves as an inspiration to his or her writing andimpacts the work as a whole. Dostoyevskys own family and childhoodexperiences had a tremendous impact on him as well as his literary works. As thesecond child in a line of seven, Dostoyevsky lived a sad and lonely childhood. As a student in a respected boarding school, Dostoyevsky felt unable to makecontact with his pupils, and therefore isolated himself, just as the maincharacter, Raskolnikov, isolated himself from the rest of society. His fatherwas an ex-army surgeon for the poor and his household was one of poverty,disease, and pain. The family was deeply religious, and Jesus was the idealfigure of Dostoyevskys childhood faith. This brought about the preoccupationand obsession with suffering and Christianity that is dealt with in Crime andPunishment. The central theme of poverty, illness, and anguish clearly reflectthe tribulations Dostoyevsky endured in his troubled years growing up. It wasnot only these circumstances, but also several other individuals and events thatinfluenced Dostoyevsky in his writing of the novel that is so closely related tohis own life. Over the years, there were several specific individuals who tookpart in sculpting the views and opinions that influenced Fyodor Dostoyevsky so deeply. These views are some of those present in Crime and Punishment. SirWalter Scott, a Scottish novelist was one of those people. By the age of twelve,Dostoyevsky had read all of the mans works, thus establishing the notion offamily and human society. This is an important aspect to the novels maincharacter Raskolnikov, his sister Dunia, and mother Pulcheria Alexandrovna. Thedual nature of the equally good and evil Raskalnikov was a concept introduced toDostoyevsky by the German Romantic writer, Hoffman, and another writer NikolayGogal. While writing Crime and Punishment, the influence of these three men cameinto play, as these issues of family, society, and good versus evil arerepeatedly brought up. Certain events in Fyodor Dostoyevskys life affectedhim so deeply that they served as a model for similar scenes in Crime andPunishment. Two scenes in the story come directly from the experiences of theauthor at the time the novel was being formulated in Dostoyevskys mind. Atthe time, Petersburg newspapers were filled with stories of Gerasim Chistov, aman responsible for murdering two elderly ladies with a short-handled axe, andstealing eleven rubles from them. It is apparent that this coincides with themurder scene in the novel. Another scene took place that struck Dostoyevsky asbeing so tragic that he included it in his novel. Dostoyevsky witnessed aTsars all-powerful courier, driving off at high speed viscously punching hispeasant coachman. This inspired Raskalnikovs dream of the beaten skinnysorrel mare, which made him plea to God, Show me the wayI renounce thatdamned dream of mine. (67). Evidently, these events affected Dostoyevsky sodeeply that he managed to incorporate them into his novel. They inspiredDostoyevsky and allowed him to connect his real life to his literature. However,it was not only events that impacted the writing of Crime and Punishment. Characters in the novel can easily be seen as having been depicted fromindividuals Dostoyevsky came across in his own life. Fyodor Dostoyevsky can mosteasily be compared with the dual natured Raskalnikov. The similarities betweenthe two are clear, as they are alike in beliefs and background. Just asRaskolnikov is a well- educated member of the Intelligencia, Dostoyevsky was abrilliant young man as well, after being educated in strict board schools. Dostoyevskys intelligence did not come to his aid financially. He had aninability to manage income or calculate his needs. He wound up in a viscouscycle of borrowing and spending that plagued him throughout his life. Just asRaskolnikov, he too lived in a square yard of space, and in debt tovarious people, especially his landlady. They both were preoccupied withthoughts of murder, robbery, religion, and alcohol. Dostoyevsky even publishedworks in various journals dealing with these subjects. In Crime and Punishment,Raskolnikov shouts Ill pay, Ill pay! (180) in order to give to moneyto the Marmeladovs to pay for doctor and funeral expenses when Marmeladovdies. Raskolnikov is financially unstable, yet gives his money away. Dostoyevskyhimself was also given to this type of reckless generosity. He was alsoimprisoned and sent to Siberia for charges of aiming to overthrow the state. Through his punishment, he found redemption though suffering and Christianity,just as Raskolnikov did in the novel with the help of Marmeladovs daughterSonia. The similarities between the two are clear. Raskolnikov is a characterbased on the author himself, but that is not the only character in the novelthat is derived from Dostoyevskys very own life. Throughout Crime andPunishment, Dostoyevsky relives some of his own personal relationships throughrelationships between characters in the novel. For example, Fyodor was veryclose to his own brother, Mikhail, just as Raskolnikov was close with hiscompanion, Razumikhin. As a result of Raskolnikov being modeled on Dostoyevsky,Razumikhin is very much alike Mikhail, because of the relationship the two setsof men share. From day one, Mikhail was destined to be Fyodors closest friendand collaborator. He cared for Dostoyevsky in times of physical, emotional , andfinancial need, just as Razumikhin did for Raskolnikov, especially whenRaskolnikov was sick. Mikhail and Dostoyevsky attended school together just asRaskolnikov and Razumikhin did as well. Having a caring individual in the hislife allowed Dostoyevsky to imagine Razumikhin as being the supporter that hefelt Raskolnikov needed throughout his life to understand him and be his onlytrue companion. The sweet and devoted universal symbol of human suffering is arole lived out in the novel in the form of Marmeladovs prostitute daughter,Sonia. Sonia can be seen as a mix of two people that Dostoyevsky cherished inhis life. While in the Siberian camp, Dostoyevsky met a peasant woman namedMarey, who comforted him like a mother. She inspired him with theChristian spirit of love and self-sacrifice, just the way Sonia does when shetells Raskolnikov to Go to the Crossroads to confess his wrong doings andseek redemption. Dostoyevskys niece, Sofia Alexandrovna Ivanovna was also amodel for the character of Sonia. Sofia was a repository of Dostoyevskysconfessions and a person whom he felt completed his own personality by supplyingan element of himself that he lacked. She showed him purity of heart, just asSonia did in Crime and Punishment for Raskolnikov. Sonia is another classicexample of a character directly influenced by individuals in the authorslife, who came about because of inspirational people in Dostoyevskys life. John Bull the art of a traveling man EssayCharacters in the novel can easily be seen as having been depicted fromindividuals Dostoyevsky came across in his own life. Fyodor Dostoyevsky can mosteasily be compared with the dual natured Raskalnikov. The similarities betweenthe two are clear, as they are alike in beliefs and background. Just asRaskolnikov is a well- educated member of the Intelligencia, Dostoyevsky was abrilliant young man as well, after being educated in strict board schools. Dostoyevskys intelligence did not come to his aid financially. He had aninability to manage income or calculate his needs. He wound up in a viscouscycle of borrowing and spending that plagued him throughout his life. Just asRaskolnikov, he too lived in a square yard of space, and in debt tovarious people, especially his landlady. They both were preoccupied withthoughts of murder, robbery, religion, and alcohol. Dostoyevsky even publishedworks in various journals dealing with these subjects. In Crime and Punishment,Raskolnikov shouts Ill pay, Ill pay! (180) in order to give to moneyto the Marmeladovs to pay for doctor and funeral expenses when Marmeladovdies. Raskolnikov is financially unstable, yet gives his money away. Dostoyevskyhimself was also given to this type of reckless generosity. He was alsoimprisoned and sent to Siberia for charges of aiming to overthrow the state. Through his punishment, he found redemption though suffering and Christianity,just as Raskolnikov did in the novel with the help of Marmeladovs daughterSonia. The similarities between the two are clear. Raskolnikov is a characterbased on the author himself, but that is not the only character in the novelthat is derived from Dostoyevskys very own life. Throughout Crime andPunishment, Dostoyevsky relives some of his own personal relationships throughrelationships between characters in the novel. For example, Fyodor was veryclose to his own brother, Mikhail, just as Raskolnikov was close with hiscompanion, Razumikhin. As a result of Raskolnikov being modeled on Dostoyevsky,Razumikhin is very much alike Mikhail, because of the relationship the two setsof men share. From day one, Mikhail was destined to be Fyodors closest friendand collaborator. He cared for Dostoyevsky in times of physical, emotional , andfinancial need, just as Razumikhin did for Raskolnikov, especially whenRaskolnikov was sick. Mikhail and Dostoyevsky attended school together just asRaskolnikov and Razumikhin did as well. Having a caring individual in the hislife allowed Dostoyevsky to imagine Razumikhin as being the supporter that hefelt Raskolnikov needed throughout his life to understand him and be his onlytrue companion. The sweet and devoted universal symbol of human suffering is arole lived out in the novel in the form of Marmeladovs prostitute daughter,Sonia. Sonia can be seen as a mix of two people that Dostoyevsky cherished inhis life. While in the Siberian camp, Dostoyevsky met a peasant woman namedMarey, who comforted him like a mother. She inspired him with theChristian spirit of love and self-sacrifice, just the way Sonia does when shetells Raskolnikov to Go to the Crossroads to confess his wrong doings andseek redemption. Dostoyevskys niece, Sofia Alexandrovna Ivanovna was also amodel for the character of Sonia. Sofia was a repository of Dostoyevskysconfessions and a person whom he felt completed his own personality by supplyingan element of himself that he lacked. She showed him purity of heart, just asSonia did in Crime and Punishment for Raskolnikov. Sonia is another classicexample of a character directly influenced by individuals in the authorslife, who came about because of inspirational people in Dostoyevskys life. Katherine Ivanovna, Sonias mother and Marmeladovs wife, was made in theimage of Marya, Dostoyevskys former wife. Like Katherine, Marya was at firstmarried to a former army officer who was of a lower social status than her. WhenDostoyevsky met her she inspired him to improve his lowly status, just asKatherine repeatedly tried to help the unemployed alcoholic Marmleladov. WhenDostoyevsky created the character of Katherine Ivanovna, there is no doubt hehad Marya in his mind as the woman she was to be modeled on. However, it was notonly people that Dostoyevsky modeled aspects of his novel Crime and Punishmenton. In Crime and Punishment, location is a key to the novels story. The storytakes place in St. Petersburg, a place where Dostoyevsky lived in the 1840s and1860s. At the time, poverty, drunks and prostitutes filled the city and werethrown in the face of the author everyday. Living in such an environmentinfluenced the author to create similar living conditions, those that are notcondu cive to healthy living. Personal experience of living in St. Petersburglaid the foundation for Dostoyevskys setting in his novel, which is one thatcreates an atmosphere of despair and hopelessness-feelings that were always fartoo common in the authors life.

The dehumanizing effects of totalitarianism in 1984 by George Orwell Essay Example

The dehumanizing effects of totalitarianism in 1984 by George Orwell: Essay The most prominent message of 1984 is that totalitarianism destroys all that is civil and noble in human beings. In the novel, Orwell writes â€Å"Freedom is the freedom to say two plus two equals four. Once that is granted, all else follows.† The converse of this quote is that by disallowing fundamental freedoms that are inherent to humanity Big Brother and his Party are able to produce a dehumanized, mechanical race of people. In other words, dehumanization is both the cause and effect of a totalitarian political system. This essay will take this as its thesis and flesh out arguments and evidence in support. There are several methods adopted by the party to dehumanize its population. One such is the rigid scheduling of everyday activities for the people. This is most pronounced for members of the Outer Party and Inner Party and less so for the Proletariat. Winston Smith, the protagonist of the story, is a member of the Outer Party. As a result he is subject to strict daily routines which have a dehumanizing effect. For example, the day begins not with a gentle tap that wakes one up from a peaceful sleep. Instead the ubiquitous telescreen lets out a shrieking, piercing alarm that shocks the sleeper out of bed. But this is just the beginning of the torturous routine that cannot be evaded by anyone. After the shocking wake-up call the citizens are subject to a compulsory exercise regimen. Winston suffers from coughing fits each morning, but still he cannot excuse himself from these ‘physical jerks’ as they are called. To boot, his varicose ulcer condition is also exacerbated by the strain of exercise. By forcing people into these rigorous everyday routines, the Inner Party and the masterminds who inhabit it, induce a sense of helplessness among the population. If one of the hallmarks of human nature is the ‘freedom’ to think and act accordingly, the agenda of the Party nullifies this possibility. We will write a custom essay sample on The dehumanizing effects of totalitarianism in 1984 by George Orwell: specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The dehumanizing effects of totalitarianism in 1984 by George Orwell: specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The dehumanizing effects of totalitarianism in 1984 by George Orwell: specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The other method of dehumanization that the Party has devised is the abolition of sex and intimacy among couple. Sex is allowed only in conjugal relations, but that too strictly for the purpose of procreation. In fact the establishment of agencies like Anti-Sex League is toward this end. The rationale for the encouragement of celibacy is that by suppressing the sex-instinct, the instincts toward liberty and free thought might also be repressed. By taking control of a fundamental human urge – to seek and offer love – the Party can sufficiently control a whole range of other thoughts and expression. The Thought Police is especially vigilant in detecting, verifying and ultimately punishing those who are found guilty of this grievous ‘crime’. The effect of such an attack on sex and intimacy is a society that is deeply dehumanized. In Winston Smith’s own case, his marriage to Catherine was short lived. Having been indoctrinated by the Anti-Sex League, Cat herine turned out to be frigid woman devoid of any passion. Her perception of marriage was one of duty toward the party. Caught between his wife’s dogmatic attitude toward marriage and her acquired frigidity of body and emotion, Winston found his fifteen months of married life a dehumanizing experience. Another effective method employed by Big Brother and his team of social planners is total control of personal memory. There is no such thing as individual remembrance of fact or event. The only source of reference or knowledge is through the books, journals and historical records published by the Ministry of Information. The coining of the name Ministry of Information is meant ironically by Orwell, for what it produces is largely misinformation. Freedom, in the context of the Ministry of Information, is the freedom to truth. If the ministry decides that two plus two shall be five and not four, such will become the immutable ‘truth’ in the eerie world of Oceania. Political propaganda is the only guiding logic behind any piece of information dished out by the ministry. But not all such information can be assimilated by a human being. In the case of Winston Smith, being a man of above average intelligence and perceptiveness, his mind revolts against accepting party propaganda that stands in contradiction to his personal knowledge. It is in recognition of this natural tendency to rebel that the word ‘doublethink’ is introduced in Newspeak. Even Winston’s everyday job is one of purging, correcting or fabricating old records of The Times to suit current political expediencies. In this way, Winston’s job is about eliminating the merit or necessity of individual memory. The freedom to possess personal knowledge or memory is made redundant with the constant reinvention of history. Thus if Winston produces an article to the effect of saying two plus two equals five, such will become the undisputed fact. By taking away from people the fundamental right to independent thought, sound logic and personal memory, the Party turns them into mere puppets. They are by the same token deeply dehumanized. The totalitarian control over personal memory is one symptom of a broader systemic condition in Oceania, namely, the total lack of freedom of press. This has several implications. For example, beyond the fact of freedom of speech and expression, as well as the claim to a fundamental human right, it affects other domains of life. The quality and content of art and literature depends on it. Likewise, the shape of intellectual life and public discourse is borne by freedom of press. Even the seemingly abstract and removed world of scientific inquiry cannot flourish under harsh censorship. And most importantly, freedom of press is often linked to freedom in education. When the education system and the disseminated content are controlled by the state, there are serious repercussions. The young impressionable minds of children are most vulnerable to systematic indoctrination. By careful choice and structuring of syllabi at various levels, Big Brother and his Party have supreme power to prod uce young adults who would toe the party line. This is equivalent to subjecting children to an assembly line of production. Such a scenario is not only profoundly harmful and dehumanizing for the children of Oceania. In conclusion, the fundamental freedom to thought, action and seeking truth is abolished in the dystopia of Oceania. Thereby, its wretched citizens of all categorizations do not have the power to say ‘two plus two equals four’. The deprivation of such a basic freedom has profound implications in all realms of life. What this nightmarish system produces ultimately are hordes of mindless and subservient masses of people who are not human in the sense we know it. They are decidedly less than human and more akin to captive animals. Reference: Orwell, George (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. A novel. New York: Harcourt, Brace Co.